1. 형태 : be p.p

2. 의미 : 행위의 대상에 초점, 동사의 영향을 받거나 동작을 당하는 것

            (능동태: 행위자에 초점, 주어가 어떤 동작을 하는 것)

The writer wrote many books. (능동)

Many books were written by the writer. (수동)

3. by+행위자

1) 생략가능 : 행위자가 막연한 일반인이거나 분명하지 않을 때

New year is celebrated (by people) in many countries.

Korean is spoken in Korea.

2) by 이외의 전치사를 사용하는 경우

be covered with / be interested in / be pleased with / be filled with = be full of / be satisfied with / be known to /

be disappointed with / be made of(from) / be surprised at / be crowded with / be composed of / be worried about

4. 수동태의 부정문 : be not p.p

This letter wasn't written by Mark.

5. 수동태의 의문문 : be S p.p?

: Were you bitten by a bug?

6. 조동사의 수동태 : 조동사 be p.p

This assignment should be done by next week.

This book must be returned by tomorrow.

7. 4형식, 5형식 수동태

1) 4형식 : 4형식 문장은 목적어가 2개(I.O/D.O)이다. 따라서 수동태도 두 가지 형태가 가능하다.

D.O를 주어로 할 때는 I.O(사람목적어) 앞에 전치사를 쓴다. 

* 전치사 사용

- to : 대부분의 동사

- for : buy, make get

- of : ask

My friend gave me this present.

> This present was given to me by my friend. (D.O를 주어로 할 때)

> I was given this present by my friend. (I.O를 주어로 할 때)

MJ teaches us English at academy.

> We are taught English by MJ at academy.

> English is taught to us by MJ at academy.

2) 5형식 : 목적어가 수동태의 주어가 된다.

(1) 목적격 보어가 그대로인 경우

I named our hamster Ham.

> My hamster was named Ham by me.

We elected Julia to be our leader.

> Julia was elected to be our leader.

Her good looks made the star popular.

> The star was made popular by her good looks.

(2) 목적격 보어가 바귀는 경우

* 사역동사 수동태

S 사역동사(make) O O.C(동사원형)

> O be made toV by S.

Kathy made me clean the electric fan.

> I was made to clean the electric fan by Kathy.

She made me learn French.

> I was made to learn French by her.

* 지각동사 수동태

S 지각동사 O O.C(동사원형)

> O be p.p toV/Ving by S.

I saw July go out with Cathy.

> July was seen to go out/going out with Cathy by me.

He saw Mary read a pamphlet.

> Mary was seen reading/to read a pamphlet by him.

8. 목적어가 that절인 문장의 수동태

that절의 주어를 수동태 문장의 주어로 할 때, that절의 동사는 toV로 바뀐다

It be p.p that S V 

> S be p.p toV

People say that the movie is worth watching.

> It is said that the movie is worth watching.

> The movie is said to be worth watching.

9. 동사구 수동태 : 동사구가 수동태로 바뀔 때 하나의 동사로 취급한다.

take care of / look after / run over / laugh at / look up to / look down on / bring up / put off

I carried out the project in secret.

> The project was carried out in secret.

The car ran over him.

> He was run over by car.

10. 수동태 불가 동사

1) 자동사(목적어 없음) : appear disappear happen

2) 타동사(소유, 상태) : have(~를 가지고 있다) fit(~에 어울리다) resemble(~을 닮다)

11. 수동태의 시제

1) 과거 : be(과거) p.p

Emma repaired my laptop.

> My laptop was repaired by Emma.

2) 미래 : will be p.p

Jasmin will write the new resume.

>The new resume will be written by Jasmin.

The conference will be finished at 8 o'clock.

3) 진행 : be being p.p

My dad is cooking dinner.

> Dinner is being cooked by my dad.

The elevator is being repaired. 

4) 완료 : have(has) been p.p

The baseball game has been canceled because of the weather.

1. to V 

1) 단순부정사 : to V

to V 시제 = 주절 시제

Ellen seems to be rich. = It seems that Ellen is rich now.

Jay seems to be a teacher. = It seems that Jay is a teacher now.

She was said to be beautiful.

2) 완료부정사 : to have p.p

to V 시제가 주절 시제보다 앞선다 (to V가 주절보다 과거)

Ellen seems to have been rich. = It seems that Ellen was rich.

Jay seems to have been a teacher. = It seems that Jay was a teacher.

She is said to have been beautiful.

3) 수동태

(1) 단순수동태 : to be p.p

to V 시제 = 주절 시제

The studuent didn't expect to be given the award.

He needs to be scold.

(2) 완료수동태 : to have been p.p

to V 시제가 주절 시제보다 앞선다 (to V가 주절보다 과거)

She is fortunate to have been selected as the winner.

I am happy to have been given the prize.

2. 동명사

1) 단순동명사 : V-ing

동명사의 시제 = 문장의 시제

My dad is good at repairing cars.

You should study for passing the exam.

2) 완료동명사 : having p.p

동명사의 시제가 문장의 시제보다 앞선다 (단순형을 쓰기도 한다)

I am sorry for having lost(losing) your notebook.

You enjoyed having played(playing) computer game.

3) 수동태

(1) 단순수동태 : being p.p

동명사의 시제 = 문장의 시제

People don't like being ignored.

Boxes are being painted.

(2) 완료수동태 : having been p.p

동명사의 시제가 문장의 시제보다 앞선다 (단순형을 쓰기도 한다)

The robber is afraid of having been seen(being seen).

He is worried about having been punished(being punished).