1. 형태 : be p.p

2. 의미 : 행위의 대상에 초점, 동사의 영향을 받거나 동작을 당하는 것

            (능동태: 행위자에 초점, 주어가 어떤 동작을 하는 것)

The writer wrote many books. (능동)

Many books were written by the writer. (수동)

3. by+행위자

1) 생략가능 : 행위자가 막연한 일반인이거나 분명하지 않을 때

New year is celebrated (by people) in many countries.

Korean is spoken in Korea.

2) by 이외의 전치사를 사용하는 경우

be covered with / be interested in / be pleased with / be filled with = be full of / be satisfied with / be known to /

be disappointed with / be made of(from) / be surprised at / be crowded with / be composed of / be worried about

4. 수동태의 부정문 : be not p.p

This letter wasn't written by Mark.

5. 수동태의 의문문 : be S p.p?

: Were you bitten by a bug?

6. 조동사의 수동태 : 조동사 be p.p

This assignment should be done by next week.

This book must be returned by tomorrow.

7. 4형식, 5형식 수동태

1) 4형식 : 4형식 문장은 목적어가 2개(I.O/D.O)이다. 따라서 수동태도 두 가지 형태가 가능하다.

D.O를 주어로 할 때는 I.O(사람목적어) 앞에 전치사를 쓴다. 

* 전치사 사용

- to : 대부분의 동사

- for : buy, make get

- of : ask

My friend gave me this present.

> This present was given to me by my friend. (D.O를 주어로 할 때)

> I was given this present by my friend. (I.O를 주어로 할 때)

MJ teaches us English at academy.

> We are taught English by MJ at academy.

> English is taught to us by MJ at academy.

2) 5형식 : 목적어가 수동태의 주어가 된다.

(1) 목적격 보어가 그대로인 경우

I named our hamster Ham.

> My hamster was named Ham by me.

We elected Julia to be our leader.

> Julia was elected to be our leader.

Her good looks made the star popular.

> The star was made popular by her good looks.

(2) 목적격 보어가 바귀는 경우

* 사역동사 수동태

S 사역동사(make) O O.C(동사원형)

> O be made toV by S.

Kathy made me clean the electric fan.

> I was made to clean the electric fan by Kathy.

She made me learn French.

> I was made to learn French by her.

* 지각동사 수동태

S 지각동사 O O.C(동사원형)

> O be p.p toV/Ving by S.

I saw July go out with Cathy.

> July was seen to go out/going out with Cathy by me.

He saw Mary read a pamphlet.

> Mary was seen reading/to read a pamphlet by him.

8. 목적어가 that절인 문장의 수동태

that절의 주어를 수동태 문장의 주어로 할 때, that절의 동사는 toV로 바뀐다

It be p.p that S V 

> S be p.p toV

People say that the movie is worth watching.

> It is said that the movie is worth watching.

> The movie is said to be worth watching.

9. 동사구 수동태 : 동사구가 수동태로 바뀔 때 하나의 동사로 취급한다.

take care of / look after / run over / laugh at / look up to / look down on / bring up / put off

I carried out the project in secret.

> The project was carried out in secret.

The car ran over him.

> He was run over by car.

10. 수동태 불가 동사

1) 자동사(목적어 없음) : appear disappear happen

2) 타동사(소유, 상태) : have(~를 가지고 있다) fit(~에 어울리다) resemble(~을 닮다)

11. 수동태의 시제

1) 과거 : be(과거) p.p

Emma repaired my laptop.

> My laptop was repaired by Emma.

2) 미래 : will be p.p

Jasmin will write the new resume.

>The new resume will be written by Jasmin.

The conference will be finished at 8 o'clock.

3) 진행 : be being p.p

My dad is cooking dinner.

> Dinner is being cooked by my dad.

The elevator is being repaired. 

4) 완료 : have(has) been p.p

The baseball game has been canceled because of the weather.

It was I that changed my schedule.

1. It 과 that 사이에 들어오는 요소를 강조하기 위해서 사용

2. It 과 that 사이에 들어오는 요소를 해석 할 때, 강조해서 해석한다.

  "바로"를 붙여서 해석한다

  따라서 위의 문장을 해석하면 : 스케줄을 바꾼 것은 '바로 나'였다.

3. It 과 that 사이에 들어오는 요소는 주어,목적어,부사 등 동사를 제외하고 가능하다

* 가주어 it 문장과 혼동하면 안 된다. It 자리에 that절 이하의 문장을 대입하면 해석이 맞지 않는다.

  It is important that I study steadily. 내가 공부를 꾸준히 하는 것은 중요하다

  It is I that study steadily. 공부를 꾸준히 하는 것은 바로 나다.

  It is steadily that I study. 나는 공부를 엄청 꾸준히 한다.

> 혼동하지 않는 방법

1) that 절 이하의 완전,불완전 유무

2) 부사가 강조 될 때는 해석이 자연스러운지 판단

분사구문 : 부사절(접속사 S V)을 현재분사(Ving)형태로 줄여 쓴 구문

1. 분사구문 만들기

(1) 접속사 생략(뜻을 분명히 하고자 할 때는 살려두기도 함)

(2) 종속절 주어 = 주절 주어 일때, 주어 생략. 다르면 생략하지 않는다

(3) 동사를 Ving 형태로 바꾼다(동사가 진행형인 경우 Ving만 남긴다)

Watching TV, I saw a strange shadow.

= When I watching TV, I saw a strange shadow.

Seeing him, she stopped eating.

= When she saw him, she stopped eating.

Feeing tired, I slept all day long.

= As I felt tired, I slept all day long.

* 분사구문의 부정 : not Ving

분사 앞에 not을 붙인다

Not knowing MJ's phone number, I couldn't call him.

= As I didn't know MJ's phone number, I couldn't call him.

2. 분사구문 의미

1) 시간, 때 : ~할 때(when), ~하는 동안(while)

Camping on the mountain, I saw the falling stars.

= When I was camping on the mountain , I saw the falling stars.

Leaving office, you should check the light.

= When you leave office, you should check the light.

2) 동시동작(부대상황) : ~하면서

Listening to music, I played the guitar.

= As I listened to music, I played the guitar.

I ate popcorn watching the movie.

= I ate popcorn as I watched the movie.

3) 이유, 원인 : ~때문에(because, as, since)

Feeling ill, I didn't eat lunch.

= Because I felt ill, I didn't eat lunch.

Sitting at the back of the theater, I couldn't hear the sound well.

= As I sat at the back of the theater, I couldn't hear the sound well.

4) 조건 : ~한다면(if)

Taking this bus, you can go to Seoul.

= If you take this bus, you can go to Seoul.

Turning left, you'll find the pharmacy.

= If you turn left, you'll find the pharmacy.

5) 양보 : ~에도 불구하고(though, although)

Though living near the deparmentstore, I have never been there.

= Though I live near the deparmentstore, I have never been there.

Altough being old, I goes jogging everyday.

= Although I am old, I goes jogging everyday.

1. to V 

1) 단순부정사 : to V

to V 시제 = 주절 시제

Ellen seems to be rich. = It seems that Ellen is rich now.

Jay seems to be a teacher. = It seems that Jay is a teacher now.

She was said to be beautiful.

2) 완료부정사 : to have p.p

to V 시제가 주절 시제보다 앞선다 (to V가 주절보다 과거)

Ellen seems to have been rich. = It seems that Ellen was rich.

Jay seems to have been a teacher. = It seems that Jay was a teacher.

She is said to have been beautiful.

3) 수동태

(1) 단순수동태 : to be p.p

to V 시제 = 주절 시제

The studuent didn't expect to be given the award.

He needs to be scold.

(2) 완료수동태 : to have been p.p

to V 시제가 주절 시제보다 앞선다 (to V가 주절보다 과거)

She is fortunate to have been selected as the winner.

I am happy to have been given the prize.

2. 동명사

1) 단순동명사 : V-ing

동명사의 시제 = 문장의 시제

My dad is good at repairing cars.

You should study for passing the exam.

2) 완료동명사 : having p.p

동명사의 시제가 문장의 시제보다 앞선다 (단순형을 쓰기도 한다)

I am sorry for having lost(losing) your notebook.

You enjoyed having played(playing) computer game.

3) 수동태

(1) 단순수동태 : being p.p

동명사의 시제 = 문장의 시제

People don't like being ignored.

Boxes are being painted.

(2) 완료수동태 : having been p.p

동명사의 시제가 문장의 시제보다 앞선다 (단순형을 쓰기도 한다)

The robber is afraid of having been seen(being seen).

He is worried about having been punished(being punished).

toV : 미래의미

V-ing : 과거의미

1.

remember -ing : ~한 것을 기억하다

remeber to V : ~할 것을 기억하다

2.

forget -ing : ~ 한 것을 잊다

forget to V : ~ 할 것을 잊다

3. 

try -ing : ~를 시도하다

try to V : ~를 해보려고 노력하다

4.

stop -ing : ~하는 것을 멈추다

stop to V : ~하려고 멈추다

동'명사' : 주어, 목적어, 보어 역할

1. 주어역할

Hiking is good for health.

Playing baseball is fun.

2. 보어역할

I like swimming.

My plan is travling New York.

3. 목적어역할

1) 동사의 목적어

She enjoyed playing basketball.

*동명사만 목적어로 취하는 동사

enjoy, avoid, mind, finish, keep, give up, quit, practice, consider, suggest, deny, admit

*to부정사와 동명사를 모두 목적어로 취하는 동사

: begin, start, like, love, hate, continue 등

2) 전치사의 목적어

I apologize for bothering you.

She's looking for forward to meeting him.

Thanks for coming.

4. 동명사 구문

be busy -ing : ~하느라 바쁘다

be worth -ing : ~할 가치가 있다

feel like -ing : ~하고 싶다

cannot help -ing : ~하지 않을 수 없다

on(upon) -ing : ~하자마자

go -ing : ~하러가다

look forward to -ing : ~하기를 고대하다

be used to -ing : ~하는 것에 익숙하다

There is no -ing : ~할 수 없다

spend 시간/돈 (on) -ing : ~하는데 시간(돈)을 쓰다

prevent(keep) 목적어 from -ing : ~ 하는 것을 막다

5. 동명사의 의미상의 주어

동명사의 주어가 문장의 주어와 다르거나 일반인이 아닌 경우에는 동명사 앞에 소유격이나 목적격을 써서 동명사의 행위 주체를 나타낸다

Do you mind my(me) closing the door?

I insisted on me(my) coming to the conference.

<1형식> : S V.

1형식동사를 완전 자동사라고 한다. 목적어나 보어가 필요하지 않다. 부사만 올 수 있다.

동작 run walk sleep sing study smile cry talk

이동 go come arrive leave travel (자:leave for 출발하다 / 타:leave 떠나다)

살다 live

위치 exist be lie stand sit

<2형식> : S V C.

2형식동사는 불완전 자동사.

불완전 자동사 다음에 보어가 온다. 주어를 보어를 통해 보충해준다.

주어를 보충해주기 때문에 (주격)보어라고 한다.

(주격)보어 자리에는 명사(S=V)나 형용사(S≠V)만 가능하다. 부사가 오면 틀린다.

감각 look sound taste listen feel smell

상태유지 : ~이다 be

<3형식> : S V O.

3형식동사는 완전 타동사. 완전 타동사 다음에는 목적어가 온다.

목적어는 ~을/를, ~에게 라고 해석한다.

완전 타동사 : like, want, buy, sell, meet, read, know, borrow(lend는 4형식) 등

<4형식> : S V I.O D.O.

4형식동사는 사람(I.O), 사물(D.O)과 동시에 사용

* I.O : Indirect Object ; 간접목적어(~에게) / D.O : Direct Object ; 직접목적어(~를)

주는 동사 give, send, lend, show, tell, teach, make, buy, hand, pass등

I gave Jane some money.

I show MJ a movie.

<5형식> : S V O O.C.

*O.C : Object Complement (목적격 보어) : 명사, 형용사

해석 : S는 O가 O.C 하게 V하다.

5형식동사는 불완전 타동사.

make, find, leave, keep, elect, call, name.. 등

* 간접의문문 : 의문사를 명사절로 쓰는 것

* 간접의문문 어순

의문사 S V

I don't know how old she is.

* 생각동사가 쓰이는 경우

생각동사 : think believe guess suppose imagine

어순 : 의문사 생각동사의문문 S V

You think what she wants. (o)

Do you think what she wants? (x)

What do you think she wants? (o)

* 의문사가 주어역할을 할 때

의문사가 주어인 의문문 : 의문사(S) V O

I don't know who will want this book.

You guess who will pass the exam.

Do you guess who will pass the exam? (x)

Who do you guess will pass the exam? (o)