1. to V 

1) 단순부정사 : to V

to V 시제 = 주절 시제

Ellen seems to be rich. = It seems that Ellen is rich now.

Jay seems to be a teacher. = It seems that Jay is a teacher now.

She was said to be beautiful.

2) 완료부정사 : to have p.p

to V 시제가 주절 시제보다 앞선다 (to V가 주절보다 과거)

Ellen seems to have been rich. = It seems that Ellen was rich.

Jay seems to have been a teacher. = It seems that Jay was a teacher.

She is said to have been beautiful.

3) 수동태

(1) 단순수동태 : to be p.p

to V 시제 = 주절 시제

The studuent didn't expect to be given the award.

He needs to be scold.

(2) 완료수동태 : to have been p.p

to V 시제가 주절 시제보다 앞선다 (to V가 주절보다 과거)

She is fortunate to have been selected as the winner.

I am happy to have been given the prize.

2. 동명사

1) 단순동명사 : V-ing

동명사의 시제 = 문장의 시제

My dad is good at repairing cars.

You should study for passing the exam.

2) 완료동명사 : having p.p

동명사의 시제가 문장의 시제보다 앞선다 (단순형을 쓰기도 한다)

I am sorry for having lost(losing) your notebook.

You enjoyed having played(playing) computer game.

3) 수동태

(1) 단순수동태 : being p.p

동명사의 시제 = 문장의 시제

People don't like being ignored.

Boxes are being painted.

(2) 완료수동태 : having been p.p

동명사의 시제가 문장의 시제보다 앞선다 (단순형을 쓰기도 한다)

The robber is afraid of having been seen(being seen).

He is worried about having been punished(being punished).

<부사적 용법>

부사는 동사, 형용사, 부사를 수식한다

1. 목적 : ~ 하기 위해서

I got up early to catch the bus.

I ran to the classroom not to be late.

2. 결과 : ~해서 결국 ~하다

She grew up to be a teacher.

I went to the hospital only to find it closed. ( 결국 ~하다)

I ran fast never to be on time. (결국 ~하지 못하다)

3. 감정의 원인 : ~해서, ~하여

I'm glad to hear that.

I'm so sorry to reject your project.

4. 조건 : ~라면, ~ 한다면

To hear him talk in Korean, you would think he is a Korean.

= If you would hear him talk in Korean, you would think he is a Korean.

She would be surprised to see this movie.

5. 형용사 수식 : ~ 하기에

This langusge is difficult to learn.

This instruction is easy to read.

6. 판단의 근거 : ~ 하다니

She should be rich to buy a building.

She must be a fool to trust him.

* too 형용사/부사 toV : 너무 ~ 하여 ~ 할 수 없다

= so 형용사/부사 that S can't 동사원형

* 형용사/부사 enough toV : ~할 만큼 충분히 ~ 하다

= so 형용사/부사 that S can 동사원형

I'm too old to dance.

= I'm so old that I can't dance.

I'm rich enough to buy this car.

= I'm so rich that I can buy this car

* to부정사의 의미상의 주어

부정사의 행위의 주체가 문장의 주어와 일치하지 않을 때, to부정사 앞에 의미상의 주어를 쓴다

해석 : 의미상의 주어를 주어로 해석한다. (~가)

1) for 목적격 (일반적으로)

It is easy for me to read this book.

This book is difficult for you to understand.

(문장의 주어:this book, 부정사의 행위의 주체가 될 수 없다. 따라서 의미상의 주어를 쓴다)

2) of 목적격 (앞의 형용사가 사람의 성격이나 성질을 나타낼 때)

kind, nice, foolish, clever, wise, polite, generous... 등

It is very wise of you to solve this problem.

+ 의미상의 주어는 목적격만 가능하다

전치사 + 목적격 (o)

전치사 + 소유격,주격 (x)

(동명사의 의미상의 주어는 '소유격'도 가능하다)

* 독립부정사

to begin with : 우선, 먼저

to make matters worse : 설상가상으로

to tell the truth : 사실대로 말하면

strange to say : 이상한 이야기지만

so to speak : 말하자면

to make a long story short : 간단히 말해서

to be sure : 확실히

to be frank (with you) : 솔직히 말해서

<형용사적 용법>

형용사의 역할은 명사 수식이다.

1. 명사수식

I have a plan to go swimming.

*-thing,-one,-body로 끝나는 대명사 뒤에 형용사가 있으면 그 뒤에 to V가 온다

Do you have anything warmer to wear?

* 수식 받는 명사가 toV 속의 동사에 이어지는 전치사의 목적어일 때, 전치사를 꼭 써야한다.

  (수식 받는 명사와 toV의 동사)의 관계 = (동사와 목적어)의 관계

They need places to play in. (play in places)

I want something to write on. (write on somethig)

2. be to V 용법 : 가능, 예정, 운명, 의도, 의무 (미래적 의미)

1. 가능 : ~할 수 있다 (can)

There are not to be anyone.

President is to discuss this year issue during the conference.

My watch was not to be seen.

2. 예정 : ~할 예정이다 (be going to)

A officer is to make a reservation for lunch.

Travelers are to plan to go shopping tomorrow. (travelers ≠ to plan 이기 때문에 명사적용법이 아니다)

The famous singer is to arrive soon.

3. 운명 : ~될 운명이다, ~할 운명이다 (be destined to)

MJ and Kein are to meet again.

I am to be a professional.

They were never to meet again.

4. 의도 : ~하려면, ~되려면 (주로 if절에서, to do의 의미)

If you are to work this company, you have to write resume.

If I am to be a dentist, I should study hard.

5. 의무 : ~ 해야한다 (have to, must)

You are to control yourself when you get stress.

Studensts are to follow the school's rules.

You are to submit your assignment by tomorrow.

* be to 용법과 명사적 용법의 보어 구분하기

My plan is to open my store. (my plan = to open my store 따라서 be to 용법이 아니다)

Travelers are to plan to go shopping. (travelers ≠ to plan이기 때문에 명사적용법이 아니다)

<명사적 용법>

명사는 주어, 목적어, 보어자리에 쓰일 수 있다

따라서 to 부정사는 명사적 용법으로써 주어, 목적어, 보어가 될 수 있다.

해석 : ~ 하는 것, ~하기

1. 주어

1) to 부정사가 주어로 쓰일 때는 단수 취급을 해준다

To study is fun.

2) to 부정사가 길어 질 때는 가주어 it을 사용한다

To travel to other countries is exciting.

=It is exciting to travel to other countries.

2. 목적어

1) 목적어

I want to do my homework. 

He planned to visit his parents.

* to 부정사를 목적어로 취하는 완전타동사

희망 want, hope, wish, expect, desire, long

계획 plan, intend, prepare, mean

시도 try, attempt, seek

기타주요 refuse, fail, manage, pretend, tend, agree, decide, determine, deserve, need, dare

*to부정사와 동명사를 모두 목적어로 취하는 동사

: begin, start, like, love, hate, continue 등

2) to 부정사가 길어질 때는 가목적어 it을 사용한다 (5형식)

You will find it interesting to keep a blog.

I make it a rule to sleep before midnight.

(make it, believe it, find it, consider it, think it : 자주 쓰이는 가목적어 형태)

3. 보어

1) 주격보어(주어=보어)

A main duty of firefighter is to put out fires.

My plan is to open my store. (my plan = to open my store 따라서 be to 용법이 아니다)

2) 목적격보어

He advised me not to quit the job.

* to 부정사를 목적격보어로 취하는 불완전타동사

주장, 요구, 제안, 명령 ask, require, recommend, advise, order, force, urge, impel, compel

(준)사역 get, help(동사원형도 가능)

유도 cause, allow, permit, enable, encourage, lead, teach, tell

희망 want, expect, wish

4. 의문사 to V (명사구): 문장에서 주어, 보어, 목적어 역할을 한다

= 의문사 주어 should 동사원형

해석 : 어떻게/누구를/언제/어디서(어디로)/무엇을 ~ 할지

의문사 : how, who, when, where, what

He showed me how to make the robot.
= He showed me how I should make the robot.

Tell me when to do this work.

= Tell me when I should do this work.

* be to 용법과 명사적 용법의 보어 구분하기

My plan is to open my store. (my plan = to open my store 따라서 be to 용법이 아니다)

Travelers are to plan to go shopping. (travelers ≠ to plan이기 때문에 명사적용법이 아니다)

to 부정사 중, 형용사적 용법으로 쓰이는 be to 용법은 해석이 여러가지로 된다.

가능, 예정, 운명, 의도, 의무

1. 가능 : ~할 수 있다 (can)

There are not to be anyone.

President is to discuss this year issue during the conference.

2. 예정 : ~할 예정이다 (be going to)

A officer is to make a resevation.

Travelers are to plan to go shopping.

3. 운명 : ~될 운명이다, ~할 운명이다 (be destined to)

MJ and Kein are to meet again.

I am to be a professional.

4. 의도 : ~하려면, ~되려면 (주로 if절에서, to do의 의미)

If you are to work this company, you have to write resume.

If I am to be a dentist, I should study hard.

5. 의무 : ~ 해야한다 (have to, must)

You are to control yourself when you get stress.

Studensts are to follow the school's rules.

To부정사란?

동사 앞에 to를 붙여서 품사를 바꿔주는 것

> 품사가 정해지지 않았다해서 부정사

동사에 to를 붙여서 동사를 명사, 형용사, 부사로 바꿔서 사용한다.

1. 명사적 용법

명사자리 - 주어, 목적어, 보어

1) 주어 : To study is always fun.

2) 목적어 : I will make to do list.

3) 보어 : My hobby is to make furniture.

2. 형용사적 용법

형용사자리 - 수식(한정), 서술(보어)

1) 수식(한정) : There is a car to buy for me.

2) 서술(보어) : He wants to be a doctor. (be to 용법)

3. 부사적 용법

A cat drinks water to survive.