1. 형태 : be p.p
2. 의미 : 행위의 대상에 초점, 동사의 영향을 받거나 동작을 당하는 것
(능동태: 행위자에 초점, 주어가 어떤 동작을 하는 것)
The writer wrote many books. (능동)
Many books were written by the writer. (수동)
3. by+행위자
1) 생략가능 : 행위자가 막연한 일반인이거나 분명하지 않을 때
New year is celebrated (by people) in many countries.
Korean is spoken in Korea.
2) by 이외의 전치사를 사용하는 경우
be covered with / be interested in / be pleased with / be filled with = be full of / be satisfied with / be known to /
be disappointed with / be made of(from) / be surprised at / be crowded with / be composed of / be worried about
4. 수동태의 부정문 : be not p.p
This letter wasn't written by Mark.
5. 수동태의 의문문 : be S p.p?
: Were you bitten by a bug?
6. 조동사의 수동태 : 조동사 be p.p
This assignment should be done by next week.
This book must be returned by tomorrow.
7. 4형식, 5형식 수동태
1) 4형식 : 4형식 문장은 목적어가 2개(I.O/D.O)이다. 따라서 수동태도 두 가지 형태가 가능하다.
D.O를 주어로 할 때는 I.O(사람목적어) 앞에 전치사를 쓴다.
* 전치사 사용
- to : 대부분의 동사
- for : buy, make get
- of : ask
My friend gave me this present.
> This present was given to me by my friend. (D.O를 주어로 할 때)
> I was given this present by my friend. (I.O를 주어로 할 때)
MJ teaches us English at academy.
> We are taught English by MJ at academy.
> English is taught to us by MJ at academy.
2) 5형식 : 목적어가 수동태의 주어가 된다.
(1) 목적격 보어가 그대로인 경우
I named our hamster Ham.
> My hamster was named Ham by me.
We elected Julia to be our leader.
> Julia was elected to be our leader.
Her good looks made the star popular.
> The star was made popular by her good looks.
(2) 목적격 보어가 바귀는 경우
* 사역동사 수동태
S 사역동사(make) O O.C(동사원형)
> O be made toV by S.
Kathy made me clean the electric fan.
> I was made to clean the electric fan by Kathy.
She made me learn French.
> I was made to learn French by her.
* 지각동사 수동태
S 지각동사 O O.C(동사원형)
> O be p.p toV/Ving by S.
I saw July go out with Cathy.
> July was seen to go out/going out with Cathy by me.
He saw Mary read a pamphlet.
> Mary was seen reading/to read a pamphlet by him.
8. 목적어가 that절인 문장의 수동태
that절의 주어를 수동태 문장의 주어로 할 때, that절의 동사는 toV로 바뀐다
It be p.p that S V
> S be p.p toV
People say that the movie is worth watching.
> It is said that the movie is worth watching.
> The movie is said to be worth watching.
9. 동사구 수동태 : 동사구가 수동태로 바뀔 때 하나의 동사로 취급한다.
take care of / look after / run over / laugh at / look up to / look down on / bring up / put off
I carried out the project in secret.
> The project was carried out in secret.
The car ran over him.
> He was run over by car.
10. 수동태 불가 동사
1) 자동사(목적어 없음) : appear disappear happen
2) 타동사(소유, 상태) : have(~를 가지고 있다) fit(~에 어울리다) resemble(~을 닮다)
11. 수동태의 시제
1) 과거 : be(과거) p.p
Emma repaired my laptop.
> My laptop was repaired by Emma.
2) 미래 : will be p.p
Jasmin will write the new resume.
>The new resume will be written by Jasmin.
The conference will be finished at 8 o'clock.
3) 진행 : be being p.p
My dad is cooking dinner.
> Dinner is being cooked by my dad.
The elevator is being repaired.
4) 완료 : have(has) been p.p
The baseball game has been canceled because of the weather.